1. What is TDS?

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) represents the total concentration of dissolved substances in water. It's an important water quality parameter that affects taste, safety, and suitability for various uses.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the standard TDS formula:

Where:

• \( Conductivity \) — Electrical conductivity in microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm)
• \( 0.64 \) — Conversion factor for typical natural waters

Explanation: This empirical relationship estimates TDS from conductivity measurements, assuming typical ionic composition of water.

3. Importance of TDS Measurement

Details: TDS affects water taste, corrosivity, and suitability for drinking, agriculture, and industrial processes. High TDS may indicate contamination.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter conductivity in μS/cm. For accurate results, measure conductivity at 25°C or use temperature-compensated instruments.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Is the 0.64 factor always accurate?
A: No, the factor ranges from 0.55 to 0.75 depending on water composition. Seawater uses ~0.47.

Q2: What are typical TDS levels?
A: Freshwater: <300 ppm, Brackish: 300-5,000 ppm, Seawater: ~35,000 ppm. Drinking water ideally <500 ppm.

Q3: How does temperature affect measurements?
A: Conductivity increases ~2% per °C. Always compensate to 25°C for accurate comparisons.

Q4: What's the difference between TDS and salinity?
A: Salinity measures salt content specifically, while TDS includes all dissolved substances.

Q5: When should I use lab TDS instead of conductivity?
A: When precise mineral content is needed, or when water has unusual ionic composition.